The operator module exports a set of functions implemented in C corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, operator.add(x, y) is equivalent to the expression x+y. The function names are those used for special class methods; variants without leading and trailing __ are also provided for convenience.
The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type tests.
The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after the rich comparison operators they support:
Perform “rich comparisons” between a and b. Specifically, lt(a, b) is equivalent to a < b, le(a, b) is equivalent to a <= b, eq(a, b) is equivalent to a == b, ne(a, b) is equivalent to a != b, gt(a, b) is equivalent to a > b and ge(a, b) is equivalent to a >= b. Note that unlike the built-in cmp(), these functions can return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value. See Comparisons for more information about rich comparisons.
New in version 2.2.
The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:
Return a is b. Tests object identity.
New in version 2.3.
Return a is not b. Tests object identity.
New in version 2.3.
The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:
Return the bitwise inverse of the number obj. This is equivalent to ~obj.
New in version 2.0: The names invert() and __invert__().
Return a / b when __future__.division is in effect. This is also known as “true” division.
New in version 2.2.
Return a converted to an integer. Equivalent to a.__index__().
New in version 2.5.
Operations which work with sequences include:
Return the outcome of the test b in a. Note the reversed operands.
New in version 2.0: The name __contains__().
Deprecated since version 2.0: Use contains() instead.
Alias for contains().
Many operations have an “in-place” version. The following functions provide a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for example, the statement x += y is equivalent to x = operator.iadd(x, y). Another way to put it is to say that z = operator.iadd(x, y) is equivalent to the compound statement z = x; z += y.
a = iadd(a, b) is equivalent to a += b.
New in version 2.5.
a = iand(a, b) is equivalent to a &= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = iconcat(a, b) is equivalent to a += b for a and b sequences.
New in version 2.5.
a = idiv(a, b) is equivalent to a /= b when __future__.division is not in effect.
New in version 2.5.
a = ifloordiv(a, b) is equivalent to a //= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = ilshift(a, b) is equivalent to a <<= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = imod(a, b) is equivalent to a %= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = imul(a, b) is equivalent to a *= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = ior(a, b) is equivalent to a |= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = ipow(a, b) is equivalent to a **= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = irepeat(a, b) is equivalent to a *= b where a is a sequence and b is an integer.
New in version 2.5.
a = irshift(a, b) is equivalent to a >>= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = isub(a, b) is equivalent to a -= b.
New in version 2.5.
a = itruediv(a, b) is equivalent to a /= b when __future__.division is in effect.
New in version 2.5.
a = ixor(a, b) is equivalent to a ^= b.
New in version 2.5.
The operator module also defines a few predicates to test the type of objects.
Note
Be careful not to misinterpret the results of these functions; only isCallable() has any measure of reliability with instance objects. For example:
>>> class C:
... pass
...
>>> import operator
>>> obj = C()
>>> operator.isMappingType(obj)
True
Note
Python 3 is expected to introduce abstract base classes for collection types, so it should be possible to write, for example, isinstance(obj, collections.Mapping) and isinstance(obj, collections.Sequence).
Deprecated since version 2.0: Use the callable() built-in function instead.
Returns true if the object obj can be called like a function, otherwise it returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class objects, and instance objects which support the __call__() method.
Returns true if the object obj supports the mapping interface. This is true for dictionaries and all instance objects defining __getitem__().
Warning
There is no reliable way to test if an instance supports the complete mapping protocol since the interface itself is ill-defined. This makes this test less useful than it otherwise might be.
Returns true if the object obj represents a number. This is true for all numeric types implemented in C.
Warning
There is no reliable way to test if an instance supports the complete numeric interface since the interface itself is ill-defined. This makes this test less useful than it otherwise might be.
Returns true if the object obj supports the sequence protocol. This returns true for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects defining __getitem__().
Warning
There is no reliable way to test if an instance supports the complete sequence interface since the interface itself is ill-defined. This makes this test less useful than it otherwise might be.
Example: Build a dictionary that maps the ordinals from 0 to 255 to their character equivalents.
>>> d = {}
>>> keys = range(256)
>>> vals = map(chr, keys)
>>> map(operator.setitem, [d]*len(keys), keys, vals) # doctest: +SKIP
The operator module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for map(), sorted(), itertools.groupby(), or other functions that expect a function argument.
Return a callable object that fetches attr from its operand. If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. After, f = attrgetter('name'), the call f(b) returns b.name. After, f = attrgetter('name', 'date'), the call f(b) returns (b.name, b.date).
The attribute names can also contain dots; after f = attrgetter('date.month'), the call f(b) returns b.date.month.
New in version 2.4.
Changed in version 2.5: Added support for multiple attributes.
Changed in version 2.6: Added support for dotted attributes.
Return a callable object that fetches item from its operand using the operand’s __getitem__() method. If multiple items are specified, returns a tuple of lookup values. Equivalent to:
def itemgetter(*items):
if len(items) == 1:
item = items[0]
def g(obj):
return obj[item]
else:
def g(obj):
return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
return g
The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s __getitem__() method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and strings accept an index or a slice:
>>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG')
'B'
>>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG')
('B', 'D', 'F')
>>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG')
'CDEFG'
New in version 2.4.
Changed in version 2.5: Added support for multiple item extraction.
Example of using itemgetter() to retrieve specific fields from a tuple record:
>>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)]
>>> getcount = itemgetter(1)
>>> map(getcount, inventory)
[3, 2, 5, 1]
>>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount)
[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]
Return a callable object that calls the method name on its operand. If additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given to the method as well. After f = methodcaller('name'), the call f(b) returns b.name(). After f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1), the call f(b) returns b.name('foo', bar=1).
New in version 2.6.
This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the Python syntax and the functions in the operator module.
| Operation | Syntax | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Addition | a + b | add(a, b) |
| Concatenation | seq1 + seq2 | concat(seq1, seq2) |
| Containment Test | obj in seq | contains(seq, obj) |
| Division | a / b | div(a, b) (without __future__.division) |
| Division | a / b | truediv(a, b) (with __future__.division) |
| Division | a // b | floordiv(a, b) |
| Bitwise And | a & b | and_(a, b) |
| Bitwise Exclusive Or | a ^ b | xor(a, b) |
| Bitwise Inversion | ~ a | invert(a) |
| Bitwise Or | a | b | or_(a, b) |
| Exponentiation | a ** b | pow(a, b) |
| Identity | a is b | is_(a, b) |
| Identity | a is not b | is_not(a, b) |
| Indexed Assignment | obj[k] = v | setitem(obj, k, v) |
| Indexed Deletion | del obj[k] | delitem(obj, k) |
| Indexing | obj[k] | getitem(obj, k) |
| Left Shift | a << b | lshift(a, b) |
| Modulo | a % b | mod(a, b) |
| Multiplication | a * b | mul(a, b) |
| Negation (Arithmetic) | - a | neg(a) |
| Negation (Logical) | not a | not_(a) |
| Right Shift | a >> b | rshift(a, b) |
| Sequence Repetition | seq * i | repeat(seq, i) |
| Slice Assignment | seq[i:j] = values | setslice(seq, i, j, values) |
| Slice Deletion | del seq[i:j] | delslice(seq, i, j) |
| Slicing | seq[i:j] | getslice(seq, i, j) |
| String Formatting | s % obj | mod(s, obj) |
| Subtraction | a - b | sub(a, b) |
| Truth Test | obj | truth(obj) |
| Ordering | a < b | lt(a, b) |
| Ordering | a <= b | le(a, b) |
| Equality | a == b | eq(a, b) |
| Difference | a != b | ne(a, b) |
| Ordering | a >= b | ge(a, b) |
| Ordering | a > b | gt(a, b) |