Language Reference
PHP Manual

Exceptions

PHP 5 has an exception model similar to that of other programming languages. An exception can be thrown, and caught ("catched") within PHP. Code may be surrounded in a try block, to facilitate the catching of potential exceptions. Each try must have at least one corresponding catch block. Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different classes of exeptions. Normal execution (when no exception is thrown within the try block, or when a catch matching the thrown exception's class is not present) will continue after that last catch block defined in sequence. Exceptions can be thrown (or re-thrown) within a catch block.

When an exception is thrown, code following the statement will not be executed, and PHP will attempt to find the first matching catch block. If an exception is not caught, a PHP Fatal Error will be issued with an "Uncaught Exception ..." message, unless a handler has been defined with set_exception_handler().

Example #1 Throwing an Exception

<?php
function inverse($x) {
    if (!
$x) {
        throw new 
Exception('Division by zero.');
    }
    else return 
1/$x;
}

try {
    echo 
inverse(5) . "\n";
    echo 
inverse(0) . "\n";
} catch (
Exception $e) {
    echo 
'Caught exception: ',  $e->getMessage(), "\n";
}

// Continue execution
echo 'Hello World';
?>

The above example will output:

0.2
Caught exception: Division by zero.
Hello World

Example #2 Nested Exception

<?php

class MyException extends Exception { }

class 
Test {
    public function 
testing() {
        try {
            try {
                throw new 
MyException('foo!');
            } catch (
MyException $e) {
                
/* rethrow it */
                
throw $e;
            }
        } catch (
Exception $e) {
            
var_dump($e->getMessage());
        }
    }
}

$foo = new Test;
$foo->testing();

?>

The above example will output:

string(4) "foo!"

Extending Exceptions

A User defined Exception class can be defined by extending the built-in Exception class. The members and properties below, show what is accessible within the child class that derives from the built-in Exception class.

Example #3 The Built in Exception class

<?php
class Exception
{
    protected 
$message 'Unknown exception';   // exception message
    
protected $code 0;                        // user defined exception code
    
protected $file;                            // source filename of exception
    
protected $line;                            // source line of exception

    
function __construct($message null$code 0);

    final function 
getMessage();                // message of exception 
    
final function getCode();                   // code of exception
    
final function getFile();                   // source filename
    
final function getLine();                   // source line
    
final function getTrace();                  // an array of the backtrace()
    
final function getTraceAsString();          // formated string of trace

    /* Overrideable */
    
function __toString();                       // formated string for display
}
?>

If a class extends the built-in Exception class and re-defines the constructor, it is highly recomended that it also call parent::__construct() to ensure all available data has been properly assigned. The __toString() method can be overriden to provide a custom output when the object is presented as a string.

Example #4 Extending the Exception class

<?php
/**
 * Define a custom exception class
 */
class MyException extends Exception
{
    
// Redefine the exception so message isn't optional
    
public function __construct($message$code 0) {
        
// some code
    
        // make sure everything is assigned properly
        
parent::__construct($message$code);
    }

    
// custom string representation of object
    
public function __toString() {
        return 
__CLASS__ ": [{$this->code}]: {$this->message}\n";
    }

    public function 
customFunction() {
        echo 
"A Custom function for this type of exception\n";
    }
}


/**
 * Create a class to test the exception
 */
class TestException
{
    public 
$var;

    const 
THROW_NONE    0;
    const 
THROW_CUSTOM  1;
    const 
THROW_DEFAULT 2;

    function 
__construct($avalue self::THROW_NONE) {

        switch (
$avalue) {
            case 
self::THROW_CUSTOM:
                
// throw custom exception
                
throw new MyException('1 is an invalid parameter'5);
                break;

            case 
self::THROW_DEFAULT:
                
// throw default one.
                
throw new Exception('2 isnt allowed as a parameter'6);
                break;

            default: 
                
// No exception, object will be created.
                
$this->var $avalue;
                break;
        }
    }
}


// Example 1
try {
    
$o = new TestException(TestException::THROW_CUSTOM);
} catch (
MyException $e) {      // Will be caught
    
echo "Caught my exception\n"$e;
    
$e->customFunction();
} catch (
Exception $e) {        // Skipped
    
echo "Caught Default Exception\n"$e;
}

// Continue execution
var_dump($o);
echo 
"\n\n";


// Example 2
try {
    
$o = new TestException(TestException::THROW_DEFAULT);
} catch (
MyException $e) {      // Doesn't match this type
    
echo "Caught my exception\n"$e;
    
$e->customFunction();
} catch (
Exception $e) {        // Will be caught
    
echo "Caught Default Exception\n"$e;
}

// Continue execution
var_dump($o);
echo 
"\n\n";


// Example 3
try {
    
$o = new TestException(TestException::THROW_CUSTOM);
} catch (
Exception $e) {        // Will be caught
    
echo "Default Exception caught\n"$e;
}

// Continue execution
var_dump($o);
echo 
"\n\n";


// Example 4
try {
    
$o = new TestException();
} catch (
Exception $e) {        // Skipped, no exception
    
echo "Default Exception caught\n"$e;
}

// Continue execution
var_dump($o);
echo 
"\n\n";
?>

Language Reference
PHP Manual